Different durations of whole raw soybean supplementation during the prepartum period: Measures of cellular immune function in transition cows.

The objective of this study was to evaluate different durations of whole raw soybean (WS) supplementation (diet rich in n-6 fatty acid) during the prepartum period on cellular immune function of dairy cows in the transition period and early lactation. Thirty-one Holstein cows were used in a completely randomized design and assigned to 4 experimental groups (G) [G90, G60, G30, and G0 (control)] supplemented with a diet containing 12% of WS from 90, 60, 30 and 0 d relative to the calving date, respectively. Cows were dried off 60 d before the expected calving date. After parturition, all cows were fed a diet containing 12% of WS until 84 DIM. Blood samples were collected before the morning feeding (d -56 ± 2, -28 ± 2, -14 ± 2, -7 ± 2, at the day of partum, 7 ± 2, 14 ± 2, 28 ± 2, and 56 ± 2 relative to parturition). Cell phenotyping and phagocytosis assays were carried out using monoclonal antibodies and flow cytometry technique. Duration of WS supplementation linearly increased the percentage of blood CD3+ cells, as well as increased the percentage of blood CD8+ cells in the postpartum period, notably in G30, whereas the lowest values were observed in G0. Further, the duration of WS supplementation linearly increased the reactive oxygen species median fluorescence intensity of CH138+ cells after phagocytizing Staphylococcus aureus in the postpartum period. Longer periods of WS supplementation linearly increased phagocytosis median fluorescence intensity of CH138+ cells in the prepartum period of cows. Duration of WS supplementation linearly increased the percentage of blood CD14+ cells producing reactive oxygen species when stimulated either by Staph. aureus or Escherichia coli in the postpartum period. In conclusion, longer periods of WS supplementation during late lactation and the dry period (beginning on d 90 of the expected calving date) alter the leukocyte population and improve neutrophil immune response in the postpartum period with no detrimental effects on cow performance.

Mastitis in the transition period: identification of potential blood markers / Mastite no período de transição: identificação de potenciais marcadores no sangue

This study identified potential blood markers associated with mastitis in dairy cows under different dry therapies during the transition period, using a logistic regression model. Thirty-four Holstein dairy cows were divided into three groups: untreated controls (13 cows, 42 quarters); animals that received an antimicrobial at drying-off (10 cows, 40 quarters); and animals that were administered an internal teat sealant at drying-off (11 cow, 44 quarters). Blood and quarter milk samples were collected 60 days before the expected day of calving, on the day of calving, and three, seven, 15, 21, and 30 days after calving. Milk samples were submitted for bacteriological analysis and somatic cell count. Blood samples were collected for analyses of the following: the erythrogram and leucogram; plasm fibrinogen concentration; hepatic and renal functions; metabolic profile; serum calcium and phosphorous levels; total serum protein and albumin concentrations. The concentration of total serum proteins was associated with a high somatic cell count. Similarly, the concentrations of total serum proteins and triglycerides were associated to milk bacteriological positive samples during the transition period. Thus, the occurrence of mastitis in dairy cows during the transition period was greater in animals that showed higher concentrations of serum total proteins and triglycerides, in contrast to the use of dry cow therapy.(AU)

O presente estudo identificou potenciais marcadores sanguíneos associados tanto à mastite, durante o período de transição em vacas leiteiras submetidas à antimicrobianoterapia, quanto à utilização do selante interno de teto na secagem por modelo de regressão logística. Trinta e quatro vacas da raça Holandesa foram divididas em três grupos experimentais, a saber: 13 animais (42 quartos mamários) que não receberam tratamento na secagem; 10 animais (40 quartos mamários) tratados por via intramamária com uma bisnaga do antimicrobiano para vaca seca à base de cefalônio anidro após a última ordenha em cada quarto mamário; e 11 animais (44 quartos mamários) que receberam, por via intramamária, uma bisnaga de selante à base de subnitrato de bismuto após a última ordenha em cada quarto mamário. As amostras de leite e sangue foram coletadas 60 dias antes da data prevista do parto, na secagem, e no dia do parto e após três, sete, 15 e 21 dias após o parto. As amostras de leite foram utilizadas para o exame microbiológico e a determinação da contagem de células somáticas. As amostras de sangue foram utilizadas para determinação do eritrograma, leucograma, fibrinogênio plasmático, funções hepáticas e renais, perfil metabólico, proteína total e albuminas séricas e concentração sérica de cálcio e fósforo. A concentração total de proteínas séricas foi associada à alta contagem de células somáticas. Similarmente, a concentração total de proteínas séricas e triglicérides foi associada ao isolamento de patógenos causadores de mastite nas amostras de leite durante o período de transição. Desse modo, conclui-se que vacas leiteiras com concentrações séricas maiores de proteína total e triglicérides têm maior chance de apresentar mastite durante o período de transição; em contraste, o uso da antimicrobianoterapia de vaca seca reduz esse risco.(AU)

Perfil de imunoglobulinas, cura clínica e bacteriológica após diferentes tratamentos para a mastite clínica bovina / Profile of immunoglobulins, clinical and bacteriological cure after different treatment routes of clinical bovine mastitis

O presente estudo objetivou avaliar o perfil das Ig durante os diferentes tratamentos de vacas com mastite clínica. Para isso, 30 vacas com mastite clínica em um quarto mamário foram utilizadas e divididas em três grupos. O primeiro grupo foi composto por 10 animais submetidos ao tratamento combinado com infusão intramamária de 8,5mg de sulfato de cefquinoma após cada ordenha, totalizando três aplicações e administração intramuscular de 2,5mg/kg de enrofloxacina por três dias. O segundo grupo foi composto por 10 animais submetidos ao tratamento intramamário, com infusão intramamária de 8,5mg de sulfato de cefquinoma, após cada ordenha, totalizando três aplicações. O terceiro grupo foi composto por 10 animais submetidos ao tratamento sistêmico, com 2,5mg/kg de enrofloxacina, durante três dias. As amostras de leite foram coletadas de todos os animais antes dos tratamentos (momento 0), no segundo (momento 1), no quinto (momento 2) e no 12º dia (momento 3) após o término dos tratamentos. Estas foram submetidas à contagem de células somáticas, ao California Mastitis Test (CMT), ao exame bacteriológico e à quantificação das IgG1, IgG2, IgA e IgM. O tratamento combinado foi mais eficaz e precoce na taxa de cura clínica, na redução dos escores de CMT e da contagem de células somáticas. Além disso, os resultados do presente estudo demonstraram que as concentrações lácteas das diferentes classes de Ig, apesar de sua importância biológica, não estão relacionadas ao prognóstico da mastite clínica bovina, ou seja, não podem ser consideradas marcadores robustos associados à cura clínica e/ou bacteriológica da infecção intramamária.(AU)

The present study aimed to evaluate the profile of immunoglobins profile, clinical and bacteriological cure after different treatment routes of clinical bovine mastitis. Here, 30 Holstein cows with clinical mastitis in one quarter were uniformly divided into: 10 dairy cows that received 8.5mg of cefquinome sulphate administrated intramammarily during three consecutive milkings and 2.5mg/kg of enrofloxacin administrated parenterally during three consecutive days (Group 1); 10 dairy cows that received 8.5mg of cefquinome sulphate administrated intramammarily during three consecutive milkings (Group 2); and 10 dairy cows that received 2.5mg/kg of enrofloxacin administrated parenterally during three consecutive days (Group 3). Milk samples for somatic cell count, California Mastitis Test (CMT), bacteriological culture and quantification of IgG1, IgG2, IgM and IgA were collected before antimicrobial treatment, and after two, five and 12 days after the antimicrobial treatment. The combined treatment was more effective in the clinical cure rate, reduction of somatic cell count and CMT scores. Furthermore, the results demonstrated that milk concentration of different Igs classes were not related to prognosis of bovine clinical mastitis, and then cannot be considered as robust markers associated with clinical and bacteriological cures.(AU)

Influence of orchiectomy of seven month old bulls on bronchoalveolar immune function / Influência da orquiectomia na função imune broncoalveolar de garrotes de sete meses de idade

The present study evaluated the impact that orchiectomy, a routine but painful intervention in bovine husbandry, can cause on pulmonary immunity. To identify whether orchiectomy can impair lung defense, analyses of serum cortisol concentration and of alveolar macrophage and their function (phagocytosis and respiratory burst) were evaluated. Sixteen Holstein bulls (7 mo old, 250±50kg of body weight BW) were divided in two homogeneous groups - the castrated group and the sham group - and the sample were collected on Days -7, 1 and 7 relative to the day of the procedure. Serum cortisol concentration statistically increased on Days 1 and 7 (D-7: 4,97±1,28ng/ml; D1: 6,35 ±1,10ng/ml; D7: 8,28±1,94ng/ml) after castration and these variables seem to impact the alveolar macrophage percentage on D1 (D-7: 76,86±3,44%; D1: 60,92±2,44%; D7: 74,17±2,56%) and their respective function of phagocytosis (P) and the oxidative burst (OB) on Days 1 and 7 for the castrated group (P D-7: 56,25±15,63 arbitrary values; D1: 54,75±14,07 arbitrary values; D7: 31,77±8,44 arbitrary values; and OB D-7: 222,34±39,52 arbitrary values; D1: 135,25±37,68 arbitrary values; D7: 117,73±18,17 arbitrary values). These results indicate that surgical castration affected lung defense until seven days after the practice, so the pulmonary cell function was impaired for a period higher than that reported in the literature.(AU)

O presente estudo avaliou o impacto que a orquiectomia, uma intervenção dolorosa comumente realizada durante a criação de bovinos, pode causar na imunidade pulmonar. Para tanto, foram realizadas dosagens de cortisol sérico, bem como a análise de macrófagos alveolares e suas funções (fagocitose e metabolismo oxidativo) de 16 bovinos da raça Holandesa preto e branco (sete meses de idade, 250±50kg de peso vivo). Esses animais foram divididos aleatoriamente em dois grupos homogêneos - grupo castrado e grupo controle - e foram avaliados nos dias -7, 1 e 7, relativos ao dia do procedimento cirúrgico, que foi realizado no dia 0. A concentração de cortisol sérico aumentou estatisticamente nos dias 1 e 7 em relação ao grupo controle (D-7: 4,97±1,28ng/mL; D1: 6,35 ±1,10ng/mL; D7: 8,28±1,94ng/mL). Notou-se diminuição de macrófagos alveolares no D1 (D-7: 76,86±3,44%; D1: 60,92±2,44%; D7: 74,17±2,56%) e de suas funções de fagocitose (F) e metabolismo oxidativo (MO) nos dias 1 e 7 (F D-7: 56,25±15,63 valores arbitrários; D1: 54,75±14,07 valores arbitrários; D7: 31,77±8,44 valores arbitrários; e MO D-7: 222,34±39,52 valores arbitrários; D1: 135,25±37,68 valores arbitrários, D7: 117,73±18,17 valores arbitrários) para o grupo castrado. Esses resultados demonstram que a orquiectomia afeta as defesas pulmonares por até sete dias após a prática, período superior ao relatado pela literatura.(AU)

Conformação de úbere de caprinos da raça saanen: parâmetros estéticos ou funcionais? / Udder conformation of saanen goats: aesthetic or functional parameters?

Diversos fatores predisponentes são descritos para as afecções mamárias ou distúrbios secundários que comprometem a qualidade e produtividade de leite de fêmeas nas diferentes espécies. As características fenotípicas do úbere são consideradas na avaliação econômica de uma fêmea caprina, tanto pelo potencial de produção como pelo registro genealógico dessa fêmea. A limitação de estudos correlacionando essas características com a saúde do úbere gera a dúvida a respeito do significado da conformação do mesmo à saúde e produtividade da glândula mamária. Sendo assim, este estudo teve como objetivo relacionar os parâmetros da conformação do úbere com a celularidade da glândula mamária aferida pelo teste California Mastitis Test (CMT) e contagem de células somáticas (CCS) em 80 cabras da raça Saanen sem alterações no exame clínico da glândula mamária nem no teste de Tamis. Observou-se que a maioria dos parâmetros fenotípicos de úbere não influenciou a CCS, sendo considerados puramente estéticos. A circunferência e profundidade de úbere demonstraram correlação negativa com a celularidade e, por serem características de herdabilidade moderada a alta, podem ser parâmetros considerados para seleção genética de caprinos.

Several predisposing factors are described for mammary diseases or secondary disorders that compromise the quality and productivity of milk from females in different species. The phenotypic characteristics of the udder are considered in the economic evaluation of a female goat, whether for production potential, or as the genealogical record for these females. The limitation of studies correlating these features with the udder health raises doubt about the meaning of the conformation to the health and productivity of the mammary gland. Therefore, this study aimed to list the parameters of the udder conformation with the cellularity of the mammary gland checked by California Mastitis Test (CMT) and somatic cell count (SCC) in 80 Saanen goats without alterations in the clinical examination of the mammary gland or the Tamis test. It was observed that most of the phenotypic parameters of the udder did not influence the CCS, being considered purely esthetic. The circumference and udder depth showed negative correlation with the cellularity and moderate to high heritability traits can be considered parameters for genetic selection of goats.

Maturation of mononuclear phagocytes in the lungs of young calves--in vitro study.

The influences of age in calves' immune system are described in their first phase of life. We hypothesized that variations that occur in the main mechanisms of lung innate response can help to identify periods of greater susceptibility to the respiratory diseases that affect calves in the first stage of their life. This study aimed to evaluate the innate immune system. Nine healthy calves were monitored for 3 mo and 8 immunologic evaluations were performed. Bronchoalveolar lavage samples were recovered by bronchoscopy. The alveolar macrophages in samples were identified by protein expression of cluster of differentiation 14 (CD14) and underwent functional evaluation of phagocytosis (Staphylococcus aureus stained with propidium iodide and Escherichia coli). Data was assessed by one-way ANOVA (unstacked and parametric) and the Mann-Whitney test (nonparametric). Functional alterations in CD14-positive phagocytes were observed, with punctual higher intensity of phagocytosis in the third week and its decrease starting at 45 d of life. A gradual increase in phagocytosis rate was observed starting at this date. It is concluded that from 45 d of life on, alveolar macrophages have less phagocytic capacity but more cells perform this function. We suggest that this occurs because lung macrophages of calves start to maintain their immune response without passive immunity influence. Until 90 d of life, calves did not achieve the stability to conclude the maturation of local innate immune response.

Intravenous hypertonic saline solution (7.5%) and oral electrolytes to treat of calves with noninfectious diarrhea and metabolic acidosis.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to compare the efficacy of treating osmotic diarrhea and dehydration in calves with hypertonic saline solution (HSS) IV, isotonic electrolyte solution (IES) PO, and a combination of these 2 solutions (HSS + IES). EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN: Eighteen male calves 8-30 days of age were used to evaluate the efficacy of 3 methods of fluid therapy after induction of osmotic diarrhea and dehydration. The diarrhea and dehydration were induced by administration of saccharose, spironolactone, and hydrochlorothiazide for 48 hours. The animals were randomly divided into 3 experimental groups: Group 1: 7.2% hypertonic saline solution-HSS (5 mL/kg IV); Group 2: oral isotonic electrolyte solution IES (60 mL/kg PO); or Group 3: HSS+IES. Clinical signs and laboratory finding observed 48 hours post-induction (Time 0) included diarrhea, dehydration, lethargy, and metabolic acidosis. RESULTS: Calves treated with HSS + IES experienced decreases in hematocrit, total protein concentration, albumin concentration, urea nitrogen concentration, and plasma volume as well as increases in blood pH, blood bicarbonate concentration, and central venous pressure between 1 and 3 hours post-treatment. These findings also were observed in animals treated with IES, however, at a slower rate than in the HSS + IES-treated animals. Animals treated with HSS continued to display signs of dehydration, lethargy, and metabolic acidosis 24 hours post-treatment. CONCLUSION: Treatment with a combination of HSS and IES produced rapid and sustainable correction of hypovolemia and metabolic acidosis in calves with noninfections diarrhea and dehydration.

Pressão venosa central em bezerros neonatos hígidos / Central venous pressure in healthy newborn calves

Com o propósito de estabelecer valores-padrão da pressão venosa central (PVC), utilizaram-se 24 bezerros sadios, da raça Holandesa, com idade entre oito e 30 dias, e peso entre 37 e 50kg. A PVC foi medida, no átrio direito, com uso de cateter intravenoso e equipo próprio usando-se como via de acesso a veia jugular esquerda. O átrio direito foi considerado o ponto zero de referência para as leituras, estando topograficamente em correspondência externa à articulação escapuloumeral no animal em estação e à região do esterno, quando em decúbito lateral direito. Estabeleceram-se os valores médios da PVC, em centímetros de água, de 0,81±1,40 e 0,88±1,76, respectivamente, nos animais em estação e em decúbito lateral, e não houve diferença estatística entre os valores. A metodologia empregada para mensurar a PVC de bezerros revelou-se segura e exeqüível, não necessitando de aparelhagem sofisticada para a sua determinação.

With the aim of determining the central venous pressure (CVP) standard values, twenty-four healthy Holstein calves, aging 8-to-30 days and weighing from 37 to 50kg, were studied. To measure CVP, a specific intravenous catheter was inserted in the right atrium through the left jugular vein. The right atrium was the reference mark (zero) for the measurements, topographically in external correspondence to the scapulohumeral joint, when the animal was standing; and to the sternum region, when the animal was in right lateral recumbency. It was measured a mean CVP, in centimetres of H2O - 0.81±1.40 for animals in standing position, and 0.88±1.76 for animals in lateral recumbency - with no statistical difference between those values. The technique used for measuring CVP in calves was determined to be feasible and do not require sophisticated devices.